How Physical (Natural) Conditions Can Trigger Droughts in South Africa

Droughts in South Africa can be directly caused by various physical (natural) conditions. Understanding these natural triggers helps us prepare better for these challenging events. Here are the key factors and how they cause droughts:

Geographical Factors

• Location and Topography: The interior plateau, including the Highveld, naturally receives less rainfall due to its elevation and distance from the coast. This can lead to prolonged dry spells and drought conditions.

Ocean Currents

• Benguela Current: This cold ocean current on the west coast brings dry conditions to the region, reducing rainfall and contributing to drought.
• Agulhas Current: This warm current on the east coast usually brings moisture, but any disruption (like during El Niño) can result in drier conditions inland, increasing the risk of drought.

Seasonal Variability

• Wet and Dry Seasons: South Africa has distinct wet (October to April) and dry (May to August) seasons. If the wet season fails to deliver enough rain, the dry season can extend, leading to drought.

Soil and Vegetation

• Soil Type: Sandy or shallow soils, common in regions like the Kalahari Desert, cannot retain water well. This means these areas dry out quickly, making them more prone to drought.
• Vegetation Cover: Areas with sparse vegetation lose moisture rapidly due to high evaporation rates, increasing the likelihood of drought.

Atmospheric Circulation Patterns

• Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ): This band of low pressure around the equator shifts seasonally. If it moves too far from South Africa, it reduces the region’s rainfall, causing drought conditions.

Mountain Ranges

• Drakensberg Mountains: These mountains create a rain shadow effect. The western slopes receive less rain because the mountains block moist air from the Indian Ocean, resulting in drier conditions and potential drought.

By recognizing these physical (natural) factors, we can better understand and prepare for droughts in South Africa, ensuring more effective water management and resilience against these natural events.